Journal
CANCERS
Volume 11, Issue 7, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071026
Keywords
tumor microenvironment; interstitial pH; acidosis; tumor heterogeneity; magnetic resonance imaging; hyperpolarized C-13 MRI; carbonic anhydrase; lactic acid; positron emission tomography
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health [R21-EB026012]
- Department of Defense [PC150932]
- University of California Cancer Research Committee Award [CRN-19-581541]
- UCSF Research Allocation Program Pilot Award
- Prostate Cancer Foundation David Blitzer Young Investigator Award
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Dysregulation of pH in solid tumors is a hallmark of cancer. In recent years, the role of altered pH heterogeneity in space, between benign and aggressive tissues, between individual cancer cells, and between subcellular compartments, has been steadily elucidated. Changes in temporal pH-related processes on both fast and slow time scales, including altered kinetics of bicarbonate-CO2 exchange and its effects on pH buffering and gradual, progressive changes driven by changes in metabolism, are further implicated in phenotypic changes observed in cancers. These discoveries have been driven by advances in imaging technologies. This review provides an overview of intra- and extracellular pH alterations in time and space reflected in cancer cells, as well as the available technology to study pH spatiotemporal heterogeneity.
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