Mechanisms of resistance to commercially relevant entomopathogenic bacteria

Bacteria represent the most commercially successful entomopathogenic microbial group, with most commercialized insecticides containing gram-positive bacteria in the Bacillaceae family. Resistance to entomopathogenic bacteria threatens sustainable agriculture, and information on the mechanisms and genes involved is vital to develop management practices aimed at reducing this risk. We provide an integrative summary on mechanisms responsible for resistance to commercialized entomopathogenic bacteria, including information on resistance to transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt crops). The available experimental evidence identifies alterations in binding of insecticidal proteins to receptors in the host as the main mechanism for high levels of resistance to entomopathogenic bacteria.