Towards a Framework for Designing and Assessing Game-Based Approaches for Sustainable Water Governance

Most of the literature on serious games and gamification calls for a shift from evaluating practices to using theories to assess them. While the former is necessary to justify using game-based approaches, the latter enables understanding why game-based approaches are beneficial (or not). Based on earlier review papers and the papers in this special issue of Water entitled Understanding game-based approaches for improving sustainable water governance: the potential of serious games to solve water problems, we show that game-based approaches in a water governance context are relatively diverse. In particular, the expected aims, targeted audience, and spatial and temporal scales are factors that differentiate game-based approaches. These factors also strongly influence the design of game-based approaches and the research developed to assess them. We developed a framework to guide and reflect on the design and assessment of game-based approaches, and we suggest opportunities for future research. In particular, we highlight the lack of game-based approaches that can support society-driven sustainable water governance.