Journal
ADVANCED HEALTHCARE MATERIALS
Volume 9, Issue 15, Pages -Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900752
Keywords
gelatin; high-resolution bioprinting; hydrogels; multiphoton lithography; thiol-ene chemistry
Funding
- TU Wien doctorate school Biointerfaces
- FWO-FWF grant (Research Foundation Flanders-Austrian Science Fund project) [FWOAL843, I2444N28]
- Research Foundation Flanders (FWO, Belgium)
- DOC Fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at the Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics
- FWO [FWOKN273, G005616N, G0F0516N]
- Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [I2444] Funding Source: Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
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Two-photon polymerization (2PP) is a lithography-based 3D printing method allowing the fabrication of 3D structures with sub-micrometer resolution. This work focuses on the characterization of gelatin-norbornene (Gel-NB) bioinks which enables the embedding of cells via 2PP. The high reactivity of the thiol-ene system allows 2PP processing of cell-containing materials at remarkably high scanning speeds (1000 mm s(-1)) placing this technology in the domain of bioprinting. Atomic force microscopy results demonstrate that the indentation moduli of the produced hydrogel constructs can be adjusted in the 0.2-0.7 kPa range by controlling the 2PP processing parameters. Using this approach gradient 3D constructs are produced and the morphology of the embedded cells is observed in the course of 3 weeks. Furthermore, it is possible to tune the enzymatic degradation of the crosslinked bioink by varying the applied laser power. The 3D printed Gel-NB hydrogel constructs show exceptional biocompatibility, supported cell adhesion, and migration. Furthermore, cells maintain their proliferation capacity demonstrated by Ki-67 immunostaining. Moreover, the results demonstrate that direct embedding of cells provides uniform distribution and high cell loading independently of the pore size of the scaffold. The investigated photosensitive bioink enables high-definition bioprinting of well-defined constructs for long-term cell culture studies.
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