Proinflammatory polarization of stifle synovial macrophages in dogs with cruciate ligament rupture

Objective To determine polarization of synovial macrophages during development of cruciate ligament rupture (CR) and determine whether differences in synovial macrophage polarization in CR, osteoarthritis (OA), and healthy joints exist. Study design Prospective case-controlled study. Animals Client-owned dogs with unstable stifles with CR (n = 22), paired stable contralateral stifles with partial CR (pCR; n = 7), joints with OA not related to CR (n = 6), and clinically normal (Normal; n = 7) joints. Methods Synovial fluid samples were collected. Smears were made for differential cytology counts and estimated total nucleated cell counts. Cytospin preparations were made, and immunocytochemical staining was performed with the pan-macrophage marker CD68, M1 macrophage markers inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 (CCR7), and M2 macrophage markers arginase 1 and CD163. Positively stained cells were counted. Results Numbers of lymphocytes were increased in the CR group compared with the OA and Normal groups (P < .05). Numbers of CD68(+), CCR7(+), and iNOS(+) cells in the CR and OA groups were increased compared with the Normal group (P < .05). Globally, the ratio of positively stained M1 polarized CD68(+) cells to M2 polarized CD68(+) cells was highest for the OA group (2.49), followed by the pCR (2.1), CR (1.63), and Normal (0.7) groups. Conclusion Polarization of synovial macrophages toward an M1 proinflammatory phenotype is an early event in the development of canine CR. Clinical significance M1 polarization in pCR stifles provides evidence of a possible role for macrophages in progressive development of cruciate ligament fiber damage. Lymphocytes may play a role in the synovitis found in CR joints. Our findings provide evidence that these cells are therapeutic targets.