Journal
SCIENCE
Volume 365, Issue 6453, Pages 558-+Publisher
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw5202
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Funding
- DARPA Neuro-FAST program
- NIMH
- NIDA
- NSF
- Simons Foundation
- Wiegers Family Fund
- Nancy and James Grosfeld Foundation
- H.L. Snyder Medical Foundation
- Samuel and Betsy Reeves Fund
- Burroughs-Wellcome foundation
- McKnight foundation
- James S. McDonnell foundation
- Swartz Foundation
- Simons LSRF fellowship
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [18H04136]
- Kwanjeong Fellowship
- Stanford Bio-X fellowship
- Stanford Dean's fellowships
- AP Giannini fellowship
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [18H04136] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Perceptual experiences may arise from neuronal activity patterns in mammalian neocortex. We probed mouse neocortex during visual discrimination using a red-shifted channelrhodopsin (ChRmine, discovered through structure-guided genome mining) alongside multiplexed multiphoton-holography (MultiSLM), achieving control of individually specified neurons spanning large cortical volumes with millisecond precision. Stimulating a critical number of stimulus-orientation-selective neurons drove widespread recruitment of functionally related neurons, a process enhanced by (but not requiring) orientation-discrimination task learning. Optogenetic targeting of orientation-selective ensembles elicited correct behavioral discrimination. Cortical layer-specific dynamics were apparent, as emergent neuronal activity asymmetrically propagated from layer 2/3 to layer 5, and smaller layer 5 ensembles were as effective as larger layer 2/3 ensembles in eliciting orientation discrimination behavior. Population dynamics emerging after optogenetic stimulation both correctly predicted behavior and resembled natural internal representations of visual stimuli at cellular resolution over volumes of cortex.
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