Effect of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure on Cardiovascular Outcomes

Background The relationship between outpatient systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes remains unclear and has been complicated by recently revised guidelines with two different thresholds (>= 140/90 mm Hg and >= 130/80 mm Hg) for treating hypertension. Methods Using data from 1.3 million adults in a general outpatient population, we performed a multivariable Cox survival analysis to determine the effect of the burden of systolic and diastolic hypertension on a composite outcome of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke over a period of 8 years. The analysis controlled for demographic characteristics and coexisting conditions. Results The burdens of systolic and diastolic hypertension each independently predicted adverse outcomes. In survival models, a continuous burden of systolic hypertension (>= 140 mm Hg; hazard ratio per unit increase in z score, 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 1.18) and diastolic hypertension (>= 90 mm Hg; hazard ratio per unit increase in z score, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.07) independently predicted the composite outcome. Similar results were observed with the lower threshold of hypertension (>= 130/80 mm Hg) and with systolic and diastolic blood pressures used as predictors without hypertension thresholds. A J-curve relation between diastolic blood pressure and outcomes was seen that was explained at least in part by age and other covariates and by a higher effect of systolic hypertension among persons in the lowest quartile of diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions Although systolic blood-pressure elevation had a greater effect on outcomes, both systolic and diastolic hypertension independently influenced the risk of adverse cardiovascular events, regardless of the definition of hypertension (>= 140/90 mm Hg or >= 130/80 mm Hg). (Funded by the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Community Benefit Program.) This study determined the effect of systolic and diastolic hypertension on a composite of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke in 1.3 million adult outpatients. Systolic blood-pressure elevation affected outcomes more, but systolic and diastolic hypertension independently influenced cardiovascular risk.