Journal
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE
Volume 60, Issue 12, Pages 1802-1811Publisher
SOC NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC
DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.229013
Keywords
PARaDIM; PHITS; dosimetry; tetrahedral mesh; phantom
Funding
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core - National Institutes of Health [P30 CA08748]
- NIH [R35 CA232130]
- Commonwealth Foundation for Cancer Research
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA postdoctoral fellowship [NIH F32 EB025050]
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Mesh-type and voxel-based computational phantoms comprise the current state of the art for internal dose assessment via Monte Carlo simulations but excel in different aspects, with mesh-type phantoms offering advantages over their voxel counterparts in terms of their flexibility and realistic representation of detailed patient- or subject-specific anatomy. We have developed PARaDIM (pronounced paradigm: Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System-Based Application for Radionuclide Dosimetry in Meshes), a freeware application for implementing tetrahedral mesh-type phantoms in absorbed dose calculations. It considers all medically relevant radionuclides, including alpha, beta, gamma, positron, and Auger/conversion electron emitters, and handles calculation of mean dose to individual regions, as well as 3-dimensional dose distributions for visualization and analysis in a variety of medical imaging software. This work describes the development of PARaDIM, documents the measures taken to test and validate its performance, and presents examples of its uses. Methods: Human, small-animal, and cell-level dose calculations were performed with PARaDIM and the results compared with those of widely accepted dosimetry programs and literature data. Several tetrahedral phantoms were developed or adapted using computer-aided modeling techniques for these comparisons. Results: For human dose calculations, agreement of PARaDIM with OLINDA 2.0 was good-within 10%-20% for most organs-despite geometric differences among the phantoms tested. Agreement with MIRDcell for cell-level S value calculations was within 5% in most cases. Conclusion: PARaDIM extends the use of Monte Carlo dose calculations to the broader community in nuclear medicine by providing a user-friendly graphical user interface for calculation setup and execution. PARaDIM lever-ages the enhanced anatomic realism provided by advanced computational reference phantoms or bespoke image-derived phantoms to enable improved assessments of radiation doses in a variety of radiopharmaceutical use cases, research, and preclinical development.
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