Influence of brassicaceous soil amendments on potentially beneficial and pathogenic soil microorganisms and seedling growth in Douglas-fir nurseries

Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon and Pythium spp. are the major soil-borne pathogens of conifer seedlings. Soil fumigation with methyl bromide and chloropicrin has been the most effective method for reducing the population density and disease pressure of these organisms. Due to safety and environmental concerns, use of methyl bromide as a pre-plant soil fumigant has been abolished in the majority of cropping systems. However, the conifer seedling industry continues to use methyl bromide under a quarantine pre-shipment exemption due to a lack of effective alternatives. Toward identifying alternatives to methyl bromide for management of soil microbial populations, a three-year field study was conducted in northwest USA. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of brassica seed meals and green manures on potentially pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms, soil health, and seedling growth in conifer nursery fields. The study treatments were Brassica juncea seed meal, B. carinata seed meal, Sinapis alba seed meal, B. juncea green manure, methyl bromide/chloropicrin fumigation, and a non-treated control, with four replications in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were incorporated into soil in autumn or early spring, and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were transplanted into plots in late spring. Population densities of Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon, Pythium, actinomycetes, and Trichoderma; mineralizable nitrogen; and dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil were assessed at pretransplant, post-transplant, and seedling harvest. The pre-treatment soil pathogen count was similar among study plots. At transplant time, Fusarium spp. densities in soil were generally similar among most brassica treatments but fumigated plots generally had less Fusarium. Treatment with S. alba, however, increased soil densities of Fusarium spp. In 2012, Fusarium spp. density was significantly lower after B. juncea green manure incorporation [1.8 log CFU (colony forming units)] than after chemical fumigation (2.4 log CFU) or in the untreated control (2.6 log CFU); whereas the soil density of potentially antagonist Trichoderma spp. was significantly greater in fumigated plots (3.7 log CFU) followed by B. juncea green manure (3.4 log CFU) and lowest in control (3.2 log CFU). Fumigation produced the largest seedlings but B. juncea green manure also produced significantly larger seedlings than control. Dehydrogenase activity, an indicator of soil microbial activity, was greatest with B. juncea green manure and lowest in fumigated soil. Mineralizable nitrogen in soil followed the same trend. These results suggest that B. juncea green manure may have a suppressive effect on soil-borne pathogens, and maintain or improve soil and seedling health. (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.