Journal
JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH
Volume 60, Issue 10, Pages 1648-1697Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.R094060
Keywords
angiopoietin; angiopoietin-like protein; bone morphogenic protein; chemerin; endotrophin; fibroblast growth factor 21; lipocalin 2; neuregulin 4; fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids; lysophosphatidic acids; sphingolipids; uric acid; uridine; long noncoding ribonucleic acids; micro-ribonucleic acids; extracellular vesicles
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Funding
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) [414232833]
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [R01-DK55758, P01-DK088761, R01-DK099110]
- National Institute on Aging [P01-AG051459]
- Novo Nordisk Research Foundation
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The breakthrough discoveries of leptin and adiponectin more than two decades ago led to a widespread recognition of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Many more adipose tissue-secreted signaling mediators (adipokines) have been identified since then, and much has been learned about how adipose tissue communicates with other organs of the body to maintain systemic homeostasis. Beyond proteins, additional factors, such as lipids, metabolites, noncoding RNAs, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by adipose tissue participate in this process. Here, we review the diverse signaling mediators and mechanisms adipose tissue utilizes to relay information to other organs. We discuss recently identified adipokines (proteins, lipids, and metabolites) and briefly outline the contributions of noncoding RNAs and EVs to the ever-increasing complexities of adipose tissue inter-organ communication. We conclude by reflecting on central aspects of adipokine biology, namely, the contribution of distinct adipose tissue depots and cell types to adipokine secretion, the phenomenon of adipokine resistance, and the capacity of adipose tissue to act both as a source and sink of signaling mediators.
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