Journal
JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH
Volume 98, Issue 9, Pages 1020-1026Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1177/0022034519855348
Keywords
Streptococcus mutans; probiotics; nitric oxide; antimicrobials; biofilms; bacterial virulence
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research [K99 DE025913]
- Microbiome Resource at the University of Alabama at Birmingham: Comprehensive Cancer Center [P30AR050948]
- Center for Clinical Translational Science [UL1TR001417]
- Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences
- NIH/NIDCR [R01 DE022350, R01 DE017954]
- University Wide Institutional Core
- Microbiome Center
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Streptococcus mutans resides in the oral polymicrobial biofilm and is a major contributor to the development of dental caries. Interestingly, high salivary nitrite concentrations have been associated with a decreased prevalence of dental caries. Moreover, the combination of hydrogen peroxide-producing oral commensal streptococci and nitrite has been shown to mediate the generation of reactive nitrogen species, which have antimicrobial activity. The goal of this study was to examine whether nitrite affects S. mutans virulence during polymicrobial infections with the commensal Streptococcus parasanguinis. Here, we report that the combination of S. parasanguinis and nitrite inhibited S. mutans growth and biofilm formation in vitro. Glucan production, which is critical for S. mutans biofilm formation, was also inhibited in 2-species biofilms with S. parasanguinis containing nitrite as compared with biofilms that contained no nitrite. In the in vivo caries model, enamel and dentin carious lesions were significantly reduced in rats that were colonized with S. parasanguinis prior to infection with S. mutans and received nitrite in the drinking water, as compared with animals that had a single S. mutans infection or were co-colonized with both bacteria and received no nitrite. Last, we report that S. mutans LiaS, a sensor kinase of the LiaFSR 3-component system, mediates resistance to nitrosative stress. In summary, our data demonstrate that commensal streptococci and nitrite provide protection against S. mutans pathogenesis. Modulating nitrite concentrations in the oral cavity could be a useful strategy to combat the prevalence of dental caries.
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