Prevalence and co-existence of locomotive syndrome, sarcopenia, and frailty: the third survey of Research on Osteoarthritis/Osteoporosis Against Disability (ROAD) study

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of locomotive syndrome, sarcopenia, and frailty and clarify their co-existence in a population-based cohort. The third survey of Research on Osteoarthritis/Osteoporosis Against Disability (ROAD) study was conducted between 2012 and 2013, examining 963 subjects (aged >= 60 years; 321 men, 642 women). Locomotive syndrome, sarcopenia, and frailty were defined using three tests proposed by Japanese Orthopaedic Association, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria, and Fried's definition, respectively. Prevalence of locomotive syndrome stages 1 and 2 were 81.0% (men, 80.4%; women, 81.3%) and 34.1% (men, 30.5%; women, 35.8%), respectively, and those of sarcopenia and frailty were 8.7% (men, 9.7%; women, 8.3%) and 4.5% (men, 2.8%; women, 5.3%), respectively. Locomotive syndrome stage 1, sarcopenia, and frailty co-existed in 2.1%; 6.5% had locomotive syndrome stage 1 and sarcopenia, 2.4% had locomotive syndrome stage 1 and frailty, while none had sarcopenia and frailty. Locomotive syndrome stage 1 presented alone in 70.0%, sarcopenia in 0.1%, and no frailty. The remaining 18.9% had none of these conditions. Co-existence of locomotive syndrome stage 2, sarcopenia, and frailty was observed in 2.0%; 5.0% had locomotive syndrome stage 2 and sarcopenia, 2.2% had locomotive syndrome stage 2 and frailty, and 0.1% had sarcopenia and frailty. Locomotive syndrome stage 2, sarcopenia, and frailty alone, presented in 24.9%, 1.7%, and 0.2%, respectively. The remaining 64.0% had none of these conditions. Most subjects with sarcopenia and/or frailty also had locomotive syndrome. Preventing locomotive syndrome may help prevent frailty and sarcopenia and subsequent disability.