Journal
IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
Volume 13, Issue 16, Pages 3642-3648Publisher
INST ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-IET
DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5828
Keywords
power grids; wind power plants; invertors; renewable energy sources; frequency control; power generation control; distributed power generation; pumped-storage power stations; WPP; VPP; AS-PSH; adjustable-speed pumped storage hydropower; virtual power plant; primary control loop; system frequency error; CCFC dispatches weighted frequency errors; local frequency control units; CCFC organises; hierarchical-control structure; CCFC scheme; energy storage system; wind power plant; future power systems; conventional power plants; electric power systems; inverter-based renewable energy; renewable energy sources; capability-coordinated frequency control scheme; largest control; modified frequency error; partial active power command; steady-state error; frequency nadir
Categories
Funding
- US Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-AC36-08GO28308]
- US Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Water Power Technologies Office
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Growing trends in the deployment of inverter-based renewable energy will decrease the inertia and frequency control capability of electric power systems by replacing conventional power plants; thus, the frequency of future power systems might be dynamic. This study proposes a capability-coordinated frequency control (CCFC) scheme of a virtual power plant (VPP) including adjustable-speed pumped storage hydropower (AS-PSH), a wind power plant (WPP), and an energy storage system to support the frequency nadir and reduce the steady-state error of system frequency. The CCFC scheme is based on a hierarchical-control structure in which a CCFC organises the output of local frequency control units. To support the frequency nadir, the CCFC dispatches weighted frequency errors that are proportional to the available headroom of the units; thus, the errors are forwarded separately with a system frequency error to the primary control loop of each unit and thereby arrest the frequency nadir at a higher value than a system without the CCFC. To reduce the steady-state error of the system frequency, the CCFC determines a partial active power command by additionally feeding an integrator of the CCFC with a modified frequency error that depends on the unit with the largest control.
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