Journal
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 90, Issue -, Pages 413-430Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.303
Keywords
Rainbow trout; Mx; Anti-viral defence; Evolution; Gene expression; Modulation; Type I interferon; IFN gamma; IL-1 beta
Funding
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) [BB/R008442/1]
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of China (Taiwan) [MOST 107-2917-1-564-019]
- Newton International Fellowship - Academy of Medical Sciences, UK [NIF004\1036]
- State Scholarship Fund [201808420042]
- BBSRC [BB/R008442/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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Myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins are interferon (IFN)-inducible Dynamin-like GTPases, which play an important role in antiviral immunity. Three Mx genes (Mx1-3) have been cloned previously in rainbow trout. In this study, an additional six Mx genes were cloned that reside in four chromosomal loci. Further bioinformatics analysis suggests the presence of three teleost Mx groups (TMG) each with a characteristic gene organisation. Salmonid Mx belong to TMG1 and TMG2. The increased salmonid Mx gene copies are due mainly to local gene duplications that happened before and after salmonid speciation, in a lineage/species specific manner. Trout Mx molecules have been diversified in the loop 1 and 4 regions, and in the nuclear localisation signal in loop 4. The trout Mx genes were shown to be differentially expressed in tissues, with high levels of expression of TMG1 (Mx1-4) in blood and TMG2 (Mx5-9) in intestine. The expression of the majority of the trout Mx genes was induced by poly IC in vitro and in vivo, and increased during development. In addition, induction by antiviral (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines was studied, and showed that type I IFN, IFN gamma and IL-1 beta can induce Mx gene expression in an Mx gene-, cytokine- and cell line-dependent manner. These results show that salmonids possess a large number Mx genes as well as complex regulatory pathways, which may contribute to their success in an anadromous life style.
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