Differential growth, nutrition, physiology, and gene expression in Melissa officinalis mediated by zinc oxide and elemental selenium nanoparticles

Regarding the rapid progress in the production and consumption of nanobased products, this research considered the behavior of Melissa officinalis toward zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO), nanoelemental selenium (nSe), and bulk counterparts. Seedlings were irrigated with nutrient solution containing different doses of nZnO (0, 100, and 300 mg l(-1)) and/or nSe (0, 10, and 50 mg l(-1)). The supplements made changes in growth and morphological indexes in both shoot and roots. The mixed treatments of nSe10 and nZnO led to a drastic increase in biomass, activation of lateral buds, and stimulations in the development of lateral roots. However, the nSe50 reduced plants' growth (45.5%) and caused severe toxicity which was basically lower than the bulk. Furthermore, the nSe and nZnO improved K, Fe, and Zn concentrations in leaves and roots, except for seedlings exposed to nSe50 or BSe50. Moreover, the nSe and nZnO supplementations in a dose-dependent manner caused changes in leaf non-protein thiols (mean = 77%), leaf ascorbate content (mean = 65%), and soluble phenols in roots (mean = 28%) and leaves (mean = 61%). In addition, exposure to nZnO and/or nSe drastically induced the expression of rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS) and Hydroxy phenyl pyruvate reductase (HPPR) genes. Besides, the nSe, nZnO, or bulk counterparts influenced the activities of nitrate reductase in leaves and peroxidase in roots, depending on dose factor and compound form. The comparative physiological and molecular evidence on phytotoxicity and potential advantages of nSe, nZnO, and their bulk counterparts were served as a theoretical basis to be exploited in food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries.