Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Volume 53, Issue 14, Pages 8105-8114Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06834
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Funding
- NSFC [51478447, 51878175, 41822705]
- Program for Innovative Research Team in Science and Technology in Fujian Province University (IRTSTFJ)
- USDA-NIFA Hatch Program [MAS 00475]
- CSC
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A dynamic two-step anoxic/oxic process using sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) was employed to degrade tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). In the anoxic stage, TBBPA followed a four-step sequential debromination pathway and was completely transformed to bisphenol A (BPA) with the optimal S/Fe molar ratio of 0.3. S-nZVI inhibited H-2 evolution and preserved the reducing capacity of Fe(0). Fe(0), rather than the formed FeS in S-nZVI, was responsible for TBBPA debromination. In the oxic stage, the product BPA was attacked by (OH)-O-center dot, transformed to dihydroxybenzenes and benzoquinones, and eventually, achieved mineralization via ring-opening reactions. The sulfidation process facilitated (OH)-O-center dot production through a two-electron transfer pathway by surface-bound Fe(II), in which structural Fe(II) in FeS and regenerated Fe(II) from Fe(III) reduction by Fe(0) played significant roles toward total BPA degradation. S-nZVI was transformed to S-8 and alpha-FeOOH after the oxic treatment. After these two steps, complete degradation of TBBPA was achieved. This study demonstrated the feasibility that refractory contaminants could be completely degraded in the dynamic two-step anoxic/oxic process, thus broadening the utility of S-nZVI for environmental applications in water treatment.
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