Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH
Volume 42, Issue 4, Pages 1141-1151Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00352-0
Keywords
Urinary iodine concentrations; Iodine excess; Hydration status corrections
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Funding
- NERC [bgs06003] Funding Source: UKRI
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Spot urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) are presented for 248 individuals from western Kenya with paired drinking water collected between 2016 and 2018. The median UIC was 271 mu g L-1, ranging from 9 to 3146 mu g L-1, unadjusted for hydration status/dilution. From these data, 12% were potentially iodine deficient (< 100 mu g L-1), whilst 44% were considered to have an excess iodine intake (> 300 mu g L-1). The application of hydration status/urinary dilution correction methods was evaluated for UICs, using creatinine, osmolality and specific gravity. The use of specific gravity correction for spot urine samples to account for hydration status/urinary dilution presents a practical approach for studies with limited budgets, rather than relying on unadjusted UICs, 24 h sampling, use of significantly large sample size in a cross-sectional study and other reported measures to smooth out the urinary dilution effect. Urinary corrections did influence boundary assessment for deficiency-sufficiency-excess for this group of participants, ranging from 31 to 44% having excess iodine intake, albeit for a study of this size. However, comparison of the correction methods did highlight that 22% of the variation in UICs was due to urinary dilution, highlighting the need for such correction, although creatinine performed poorly, yet specific gravity as a low-cost method was comparable to osmolality corrections as the often stated 'gold standard' metric for urinary concentration. Paired drinking water samples contained a median iodine concentration of 3.2 mu g L-1 (0.2-304.1 mu g L-1). A weak correlation was observed between UIC and water-I concentrations (R = 0.11).
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