Journal
ECOLOGY LETTERS
Volume 22, Issue 9, Pages 1493-1500Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/ele.13339
Keywords
Agri-environmental schemes; bees; biodiversity; butterflies; ecosystem services; flower strips; hoverflies; land-use intensity; meta-analysis
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Funding
- Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt
- Austrian Agency for International Cooperation in Education and Research
- German Research Foundation [DFG BA 4438/2-1]
- Economic Development and Innovation Operational Programme of Hungary [GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00019]
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Agri-environment management (AEM) started in the 1980s in Europe to mitigate biodiversity decline, but the effectiveness of AEM has been questioned. We hypothesize that this is caused by a lack of a large enough ecological contrast between AEM and non-treated control sites. The effectiveness of AEM may be moderated by landscape structure and land-use intensity. Here, we examined the influence of local ecological contrast, landscape structure and regional land-use intensity on AEM effectiveness in a meta-analysis of 62 European pollinator studies. We found that ecological contrast was most important in determining the effectiveness of AEM, but landscape structure and regional land-use intensity played also a role. In conclusion, the most successful way to enhance AEM effectiveness for pollinators is to implement measures that result in a large ecological improvement at a local scale, which exhibit a strong contrast to conventional practices in simple landscapes of intensive land-use regions.
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