Lower serum interleukin-22 and interleukin-35 levels are associated with disease status in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

Aims The exact pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) remains unclear. A variety of cytokines are involved, but few studies have been performed to explore the novel roles of interleukin-22 (IL-22) and interleukin-35 (IL-35) in NMOSD. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate serum levels of IL-22 and IL-35, and their correlations with clinical and laboratory characteristics in NMOSD. Methods We performed a cross-section study, 18 patients with acute NMOSD, 23 patients with remission NMOSD, and 36 healthy controls were consecutively enrolled. Serum levels of IL-22 and IL-35 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The correlations between serum IL-22 and IL-35 levels and clinical and laboratory characteristics were evaluated by Spearman's rank or Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results The serum levels of IL-22 and IL-35 were significantly lower in patients with acute NMOSD and remission NMOSD than in healthy controls (IL-22: 76.96 +/- 13.62 pg/mL, 87.30 +/- 12.79 pg/mL, and 94.02 +/- 8.52 pg/mL, respectively, P < .0001; IL-35: 45.52 +/- 7.04 pg/mL, 57.07 +/- 7.68 pg/mL, and 60.05 +/- 20.181 pg/mL, respectively, P < .0001). Serum levels of IL-35 were negatively correlated with EDSS scores and cerebrospinal fluid protein levels (r = -.5438, P = .0002 and r = -.3523, P = .0258, respectively) in all patients. Conclusions Lower serum levels of IL-22 and IL-35 are associated with disease status in NMOSD. Additionally, lower serum levels of IL-35 are associated with disease severity in NMOSD.