Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 224, Issue -, Pages 379-389Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.041
Keywords
Psychoactive drugs; Occurrence; Seawater; Hazard quotients; Emerging contaminants
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Funding
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the Carlos III Health Institute
- European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
- Catalan Government (Consolidated Research Group - Water and Soil Quality Unit) [2017 SGR 01404]
- European Union [603437]
- program Proyectos de Investigacion en Salud 2015-2017 FIS [PI14/00516]
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The knowledge on the presence of pharmaceutical compounds, and possible risks, in coastal and marine systems is still limited. This study represents the first attempt at monitoring psychoactive pharmaceuticals (PaPs) (benzodiazepines and anxiolytics) and illicit drugs (IDs) in the Rias Baixas coastal area of Northwestern Spain, an area of economic and ecological relevance, leader in shellfish production. Fourteen PaPs and 9 IDs were detected in the water samples with venlafaxine (59%), benzoylecgonine (40%), EDDP (40%), and citalopram (36%) showing the highest detection frequencies. The highest concentrations were measured for venlafaxine (291 ng L-1), benzoylecgonine (142 ng L-1), lorazepam (95.9 ng L-1), and citalopram (92.5 ng L-1). Risk assessment, based on hazard quotients suggested that venlafaxine, citalopram, sertraline, and EDDP were present in concentrations potentially able to cause chronic effects in exposed organisms. Based on the results obtained further monitoring of venlafaxine, citalopram, and EDDP in coastal waters is recommended. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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