The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of Prolactinomas: The old and the new

Prevalence and incidence of prolactinomas are approximately 50 per 100,000 and 3-5 new cases/100,000/year. The pathophysiological mechanism of hyperprolactinemia-induced gonadotropic failure involves kisspeptin neurons. Prolactinomas in males are larger, more invasive and less sensitive to dopamine agonists (DAs). Macroprolactin, responsible for pseudohyperprolactinemia is a frequent pitfall of prolactin assay. DAs still represent the primary therapy for most prolactinomas, but neurosurgery has regained interest, due to progress in surgical techniques and a high success rate in microprolactinoma, as well as to some underestimated side effects of long-term DA treatment, such as impulse control disorders or impaired quality of life. Recent data show that the suspected effects of DAs on cardiac valves in patients with prolactinomas are reassuring. Finally, temozolomide has emerged as a valuable treatment for rare cases of aggressive and malignant prolactinomas that do not respond to all other conventional treatments. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.