Journal
ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Volume 1452, Issue 1, Pages 3-11Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14126
Keywords
phase separation; granules; biomolecular condensates; membraneless organelles; phase diagram; protein disorder
Categories
Funding
- Human Frontier Science Program [RGP0045/2018]
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of the National Institutes of Health [R01GM118530]
- National Science Foundation [1750462]
- National Institutes of Health [DP2-GM-119137]
- Simons Foundation
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute [55108535]
- NIH [GM-117212]
- ALS Association [17-IIP-369, 18-IIP-400]
- NIGMS [R01GM112846]
- American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
- Div Of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1750462] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Phase separation of multivalent protein and RNA molecules enables cells the formation of reversible nonstoichiometric, membraneless assemblies. These assemblies, referred to as biomolecular condensates, help with the spatial organization and compartmentalization of cellular matter. Each biomolecular condensate is defined by a distinct macromolecular composition. Distinct condensates have distinct preferential locations within cells, and they are associated with distinct biological functions, including DNA replication, RNA metabolism, signal transduction, synaptic transmission, and stress response. Several proteins found in biomolecular condensates have also been implicated in disease, including Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and several types of cancer. Disease-associated mutations in these proteins have been found to affect the material properties of condensates as well as the driving forces for phase separation. Understanding the intrinsic and extrinsic forces driving the formation and dissolution of biomolecular condensates via spontaneous and driven phase separation is an important step in understanding the processes associated with biological regulation in health and disease.
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