Synergistic photocatalytic properties and mechanism of g-C3N4 coupled with zinc phthalocyanine catalyst under visible light irradiation

Visible light-responsive photocatalysis has shown great potential for effluent treatment as an environmentally friendly method. Herein, the photocatalyst of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) coupled with zinc phthalocyanine (g-C3N4/ZnTcPc) was prepared by immobilizing zinc tetracarboxyphthalocyanine (ZnTcPc) onto g-C3N4 covalently. The spectral response region of g-C3N4 has been extended from 450 nm to more than 800 nm sensitized by ZnTcPc, which is well known for the red/near-IR (Q band) light absorption. Compared with pure g-C3N4 and ZnTcPc, g-C3N4/ZnTcPc presented a significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) under visible irradiation. The photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 has been improved by the coupled interaction with ZnTcPc over a wide pH range. Moreover, besides photogenerated hole, the presence of singlet oxygen (O-1(2)), superoxide radical (center dot O-2(-)) and hydroxyl radical (center dot OH) has been evidenced in the visible light-responsive catalytic system with g-C3N4/ZnTcPc, especially in alkaline condition. The possible photocatalytic degradation pathway of RhB has been proposed according to the results of ultra-performance liquid chromatography and high-definition mass spectrometry (UPLC Synapt G2-S HDMS). This synergistic photocatalytic process will provide useful insights to make full use of solar light for future application to eliminate recalcitrant organic pollutants. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.