Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 11, Issue 33, Pages 29619-29629Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10359
Keywords
albumin; aggregation-induced emission; water-soluble fluorescent probe; tetrazolate-lysine interaction; diagnostic detection
Funding
- National Science Foundation of China [21788102, 21490570, 21490574, 81501591]
- Research Grants of Council of Hong Kong [A-HKUST605/16, C6009-17G]
- Innovation of Technology Commission [ITC-CNERC14SC01, ITS/254/17]
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2018YFE0190200]
- AIEgen Biotech Co. Ltd.
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The analysis of albumin has clinical significance in diagnostic tests and obvious value to research studies on the albumin-mediated drug delivery and therapeutics. The present immunoassay, instrumental techniques, and colorimetric methods for albumin detection are either expensive, troublesome, or insensitive. Herein, a class of water-soluble tetrazolate-functionalized derivatives with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics is introduced as novel fluorescent probes for albumin detection. They can be selectively lighted up by site-specific binding with albumin. The resulting albumin fluorescent assay exhibits a low detection limit (0.21 nM), high robustness in aqueous buffer (pH = 6-9), and a broad tunable linear dynamic range (0.02-3000 mg/L) for quantification. The tetrazolate functionality endows the probes with a superior water solubility (>0.01 M) and a high binding affinity to albumin (K-D = 0.25 mu M). To explore the detection mechanism, three unique polar binding sites on albumin are computationally identified, where the multivalent tetrazolate-lysine interactions contribute to the tight binding and restriction of the molecular motion of the ATE probes. The key role of lysine residues is verified by the detection of poly-L-lysine. Moreover, we applied the fluorogenic method to quantify urinary albumin in clinical samples and found it a feasible and practical strategy for albumin analysis in complex biological fluids.
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