Ultrastretchable Wearable Strain and Pressure Sensors Based on Adhesive, Tough, and Self-healing Hydrogels for Human Motion Monitoring

Currently, flexible wearable hydrogel-based sensors have attracted considerable attention due to their promising applications in a variety of fields. However, concurrently integrating toughness, adhesiveness, self-healing ability, and conductivity into the hydrogel is still a great challenge. Here, casein sodium salt from bovine milk (sodium casein, SC) and polydopamine (PDA, inspired by mussels) were successfully introduced into the polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel system to fabricate a tough and adhesive SCPDA hydrogel. The hydrogel exhibits splendidly reversible adhesive behavioral bonding toward various materials and even human skin. Moreover, based on the dynamic cross-linking of SC and PDA in the system, the hydrogel has superstretching ability, excellent fatigue resistance, and rapid self-healing ability. In addition, the existence of sodium ions also endowed the SCPDA hydrogel with sensitive deformation-dependent conductivity to act as a flexible strain and pressure sensor for directly monitoring large-scale human motions (e.g., joint bending) and tiny physiological signals (e.g., speaking and breathing). Therefore, the strategy would broaden the path of a new generation of hydrogel-based sensors for wide applications.