Journal
VIRUSES-BASEL
Volume 11, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/v11040347
Keywords
soil virus; soil bacteria; viromes; paddy soil; viral regulation; soil nutrient cycling
Categories
Funding
- Non-Profit Research Foundation for Agriculture [201103039]
- National Science & Technology Pillar Program [2011BAD11B04]
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Viruses are ubiquitous in natural systems. By influencing bacterial abundance (BA) and community structure through lysis-lysogenic conversion, viruses are involved in various ecological processes. In agricultural management, nitrogen addition and irrigation should be considered as important factors that can modify soil viral dynamics but have been ignored. In our study, short-term dynamics of autochthonous soil viral and bacterial abundance and diversity after irrigation and urea application were examined in a long-term experimental paddy field. Urea addition delayed the emergence of peak viral abundance for three days, suggesting that viruses are sensitive to N addition. Under short-term eutrophic conditions through urea application, viruses undertake a lysogenic-biased strategy. Moreover, nitrogen-fixing bacteria were most likely specifically lysed in urea-treated soil, which suggests that soil viruses block N accumulation by killing nitrogen-fixing bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate dynamic changes in autochthonous viruses in paddy fields.
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