Journal
VIRUSES-BASEL
Volume 11, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/v11040330
Keywords
Unconventional T cell; nonclassical MHC; antiviral immunity; interferon
Categories
Funding
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health [R24-AI-059830]
- National Science Foundation [IOS-1456213, 1754274]
- Tromso Research Foundation
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems [1754274] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Besides the central role of classical Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class Ia-restricted conventional Cluster of Differentiation 8 (CD8) T cells in antiviral host immune response, the amphibian Xenopus laevis critically rely on MHC class I-like (mhc1b10.1.L or XNC10)-restricted innate-like (i)T cells (iV6 T cells) to control infection by the ranavirus Frog virus 3 (FV3). To complement and extend our previous reverse genetic studies showing that iV6 T cells are required for tadpole survival, as well as for timely and effective adult viral clearance, we examined the conditions and kinetics of iV6 T cell response against FV3. Using a FV3 knock-out (KO) growth-defective mutant, we found that upregulation of the XNC10 restricting class I-like gene and the rapid recruitment of iV6 T cells depend on detectable viral replication and productive FV3 infection. In addition, by in vivo depletion with XNC10 tetramers, we demonstrated the direct antiviral effector function of iV6 T cells. Notably, the transitory iV6 T cell defect delayed innate interferon and cytokine gene response, resulting in long-lasting negative inability to control FV3 infection. These findings suggest that in Xenopus and likely other amphibians, an immune surveillance system based on the early activation of iT cells by non-polymorphic MHC class-I like molecules is important for efficient antiviral immune response.
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