Journal
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART C-EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Volume 102, Issue -, Pages 210-232Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.trc.2019.03.013
Keywords
Electric vehicles; Long-distance travel; Charging stations; Neighborhood search heuristic; Infrastructure planning
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51622807, 71871126, U1766205, 71332005, 59475035, 91746210]
- National Science and Technology Support Program [2014BAG03B04]
- Tsinghua-Daimler Joint Research Center for Sustainable Transportation, Joint Laboratory for Future Transport and Urban Computing of AutoNavi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Green and Safe Construction Technology in Urban Rail Transit
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This study is devoted to designing locations and capacities of charging stations for supporting long-distance travel by electric vehicles (EVs). We first establish an expanded network structure to model the set of valid charging strategies for EV drivers, and then a variational inequality (VI) is formulated to capture the equilibrated route-choice and charging behaviors of EVs by incorporating an approximated queuing time function for a capacitated charging facility. Next, we formulate the problem of designing the locations and capacities of charging facilities under a fixed budget constraint and solve the optimization problem with a customized neighborhood search strategy. A lower bound for the system cost is also developed to evaluate the qualities of solutions acquired using our proposed heuristic. Numerical examples with a toy network and a highway network extracted from the Yangtze River Delta are used to show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, and we observe that our strategy can solve a large-scale problem within an optimality gap of less than 5%.
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