Journal
BIOMARKERS IN MEDICINE
Volume 9, Issue 7, Pages 691-701Publisher
FUTURE MEDICINE LTD
DOI: 10.2217/BMM.15.17
Keywords
biomarker; brain; cerebral malaria; proxy marker; retina; surrogate end point
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Funding
- Wellcome Trust [092668/Z/10/Z, 084679/Z/08/Z]
- Clinical Eye Research Centre, St. Paul's Eye Unit
- Royal Liverpool
- Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust
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The inaccessibility of the brain poses a problem for neuroscience. Scientists have traditionally responded by developing biomarkers for brain physiology and disease. The retina is an attractive source of biomarkers since it shares many features with the brain. Some even describe the retina as a 'window' to the brain, implying that retinal signs are analogous to brain disease features. However, new analytical methods are needed to show whether or not retinal signs really are equivalent to brain abnormalities, since this requires greater evidence than direct associations between retina and brain. We, therefore propose a new way to think about, and test, how clearly one might see the brain through the retinal window, using cerebral malaria as a case study.
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