Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY, VOL 34
Volume 34, Issue -, Pages 317-334Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112056
Keywords
human T cells; CD4+Th cells; cytokines; chemokine receptors; Mycobacteria; Candida
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CD4(+) Thelper (Th) cells play a central role in the adaptive immune response by providing help to B cells and cytotoxic T cells and by releasing different types of cytokines in tissues to mediate protection against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. These functions are performed by different types of Th cells endowed with distinct migratory capacities and effector functions. Here we discuss how studies of the human T cell response to microbes have advanced our understanding of Th cell functional heterogeneity, in particular with the discovery of a distinct Th1 subset involved in the response to Mycobacteria and the characterization of two types of Th17 cells specific for extracellular bacteria or fungi. We also review new approaches to dissect at the clonal level the human CD4(+) T cell response induced by pathogens or vaccines that have revealed an unexpected degree of intraclonal diversification and propose a progressive and selective model of CD4(+) Tcell differentiation.
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