Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 665, Issue -, Pages 574-578Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.143
Keywords
Anaerobic digestion; Bisphenol A; Chemical equilibrium; Kinases; Phosphorylation; Sewage treatment plant
Categories
Funding
- Spanish Government (Agencia Estatal de Investigacion) through COMETT project [CTQ2016-80847-R]
- Spanish Government (Ministerio de Educacion) through COMETT project [CTQ2016-80847-R]
- FPU (Formacion de Profesorado Universitario) [FPU13/01255, EST16/00138]
- FEDER (EU) [AGRUP2015/02, GRC ED431C 2017/29]
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Biotransformation of many organic micropollutants (OMPs) in sewage treatment plants is incomplete leading to their release into the environment. Recent findings suggest that thermodynamic aspects of the reaction as chemical equilibrium limit biotransformation, while kinetic parameters have a lower influence. Reversibility of enzymatic reactions might result in a chemical equilibrium between the OMP and the transformation product, thus impeding a total removal of the compound. To the best of our knowledge, no study has focused on proving the reversible action of enzymes towards OMPs so far. Therefore, we aimed at demonstrating this hypothesis through in vitro assays with bisphenol A (BPA) in the presence of kinase enzymes, namely acetate kinase and hexokinase, which are key enzymes in anaerobic processes. Results suggest that BPA is phosphorylated by acetate kinase and hexokinase in the presence of ATP (adenosine 5-triphosphate), but when the concentration of this co-substrate decreases and the enzymes loss their activity, the backward reaction occurs, revealing a reversible biotransformation mechanism. This information is particularly relevant to address new removal strategies, which up to now were mainly focused on modifying the kinetic parameters of the reaction. (c) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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