Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 659, Issue -, Pages 168-176Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.258
Keywords
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs); Artificial sweeteners (ASs); Pesticides; Groundwater; Agriculture
Categories
Funding
- National Institute of Environment Research (NIER) - Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea [NIER-SP2016-333]
- Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) through The Chemical Accident Prevention Technology Development Project - Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) [A1180019708020000000000000]
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This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of 33 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), five artificial sweeteners (ASs), and six pesticides in groundwater in rural agricultural and rural non-agricultural area in South Korea. A total of 31 target compounds (15 antibiotics, four anthelmintics, seven other PPCPs, four ASs, and one pesticide) were detected in agricultural groundwater at concentrations from not detected (ND) to 49.3 ng/L for PPCPs, ND to 1340 ng/L for ASs, and ND to 116 ng/L for pesticides. Four target compounds (two PPCPs and two ASs) were detected in rural non-agricultural groundwater in the range of 0.085-5.74 ng/L for PPCPs and 5.64-1330 ng/L for ASs. Among the target compounds, ASs, especially acesulfame (detection frequency 69% in rural agricultural areas and 100% in the rural non-agricultural area) were predominantly detected in both agricultural (mean: 32.9 ng/L) and non-agricultural (mean: 536 ng/L) groundwater, but different occurrence patterns were observed according to the sources of contamination. Knownmarkers of sewage leakagewere detected in both agricultural and non-agricultural groundwater samples (e.g., acesulfame (69% and 100%), caffeine (88% and 100%), and crotamiton (62% and 100%)), while compounds related to agricultural activities were only observed in agricultural groundwater (e.g., sulfathiazole (38%), sulfamethoxazole (31%), oxfendazole (69%), and carbofuran (42%)). (c) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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