Crossing the bridge from molecular catalysis to a heterogenous electrode in electrocatalytic water oxidation

Significant progress has been made in designing single-site molecular Ru(II)-polypyridyl-aqua catalysts for homogenous catalytic water oxidation. Surface binding and transfer of the catalytic reactivity onto conductive substrates provides a basis for heterogeneous applications in electrolytic cells and dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs). Earlier efforts have focused on phosphonic acid (-PO3H2) or carboxylic acid (-CO2H) bindings on oxide surfaces. However, issues remain with limited surface stabilities, especially in aqueous solutions at higher pH under conditions that favor water oxidation by reducing the thermodynamic barrier and accelerating the catalytic rate using atom-proton transfer (APT) pathways. Here, we address the problem by combining silane surface functionalization and surface reductive electropolymerization on mesoporous, nanofilms of indium tin oxide (ITO) on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates (FTO vertical bar nanoITO). FTO vertical bar nanoITO electrodes were functionalized with vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) to introduce vinyl groups on the electrode surfaces by silane attachment, followed by surface electropolymerization of the vinyl-derivatized complex, [Ru-II(Mebimpy)(dvbpy)(OH2)](2+) (1(2+); Mebimpy: 2,6-bis(1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyridine; dvbpy: 5,5'-divinyl-2,2'-bipyridine), in a mechanism dominated by a grafting-through method. The surface coverage of catalyst 1(2+) was controlled by the number of electropolymerization cycles. The combined silane attachment/cross-linked polymer network stabilized 1(2+) on the electrode surface under a variety of conditions especially at pH > similar to 6. Surface-grafted poly1(2+) was stable toward redox cycling at pH similar to 7.5 over an similar to 4-h period. Sustained heterogeneous electrocatalytic water oxidation by the electrode gave steady-state currents for at least similar to 6 h with a Faradaic efficiency of similar to 68% for O-2 production.