Journal
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
Volume 141, Issue -, Pages 373-386Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.072
Keywords
Biofouling; Antifouling paint; Copper; Marina; Non-indigenous species (NIS); Madeira Archipelago
Funding
- Project Observatorio Oceanic da Madeira-OOM - Madeira Regional Operational Programme through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (Madeira 14-20) [M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000001]
- 2015 ARDITI Grant Programme Madeira 14-20 [002458/2015/132]
- FCT [SFRH/BPD/115162/2016]
- 2014 FCT Investigator Programme [IF/01606/2014/CP1230/CT0001]
- project PLASMAR [MAC/1.1a/030]
- European Union (EU)
- European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
- Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) [UID/MAR/04292/2019]
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Hull fouling has been a driving force behind the development of most modern marine antifouling coatings that mainly contain copper based biocides to inhibit growth of fouling organisms. Despite these efforts, several non-indigenous species continue to be transferred via hull-fouling worldwide. In this study we designed a disturbance gradient with three commercial antifouling paints applied to PVC settling plates with different concentrations of copper oxide and allowed colonization of fouling communities in four marinas located at the Madeira Archipelago (NE Atlantic). Overall, the antifouling treatments were effective in decreasing the diversity of fouling communities and spatial variability across marinas was observed. Increasing exposure to metal pollutants decreases both species cover and total diversity, independently of their native or NIS condition. However, evidences found suggest that long-term effects of copper based antifouling coatings can be modulated by metal-resistant species allowing a secondary substrate for the epibiosis of other species to establish.
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