Journal
JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY
Volume 12, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
BMC
DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0730-9
Keywords
Gastrointestinal malignancies; PD-1/PD-L1 blockade; Immune checkpoint inhibitor; Combination immunotherapy; Clinical application; Rationale; Clinical trial
Categories
Funding
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Projects [2016YFE0107100, 2015DFA30650]
- CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Science (CIFMS) [2017-I2M-4-003]
- Capital Special Research Project for Health Development [2014-2-4012]
- Beijing Natural Science Foundation [L172055]
- National Ten-thousand Talent Program
- Beijing Science and Technology Cooperation Special Award Subsidy Project
- CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine [CAMS-2018-I2M-3-001]
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Gastrointestinal (GI) malignant neoplasms have a high global incidence and treatment prospects for patients with advanced GI tumors are dismal. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors emerged as a frontline treatment for several types of cancer. However, the shortcomings of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have been observed, including low objective response rates and acquired tumor resistance, especially in patients receiving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors as a single treatment. Accumulating evidence from clinical trials increasingly suggests that combined immunotherapies enhance therapeutic responses in patients with malignances, especially for GI tumors which have a complex matrix, and significant molecular and immunological differences. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest there are advantages to combined immunological regimens, which represents the next logical step in this field, although further research is necessary. This literature review explores the current limitations of monotherapies, before critically discussing the rationale behind combination regimens. Then, we provide a summary of the clinical applications for gastrointestinal cancers.
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