Municipal reclaimed water for multi-purpose applications in the power sector: A review

Wastewater and power utilities in the United States have an enormous opportunity to collaborate on the mutually beneficial uses of reclaimed water. Despite close proximity to wastewater facilities, only a limited number of power plants are currently using municipal reclaimed water for cooling tower and boiler applications. Through a review of the literature, this document aims at creating a more perspicuous understanding of the reuse of reclaimed water for power plant applications, particularly as pertains to those associated with cooling towers and boilers, by highlighting the drivers of current implementation, regulatory issues and treatment goals, and available treatment technologies. Through an in-depth analysis of case studies, the review also highlights key examples of reclaimed water reuse projects at power utilities together with the related benefits and challenges.