Enhanced reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene in an acidic DNAPL impacted aquifer

A field pilot test was conducted using an emulsified vegetable oil (EVO) and colloidal magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)(2)] formulation to enhance reductive dechlorination of dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) trichloroethene (TCE) in an acidic (pH < 4), heterogeneous aquifer. The field test consisted of i) a single well injection test to evaluate Mg(OH)(2) distribution and ii) installation of two EVO-Mg(OH)(2) permeable reactive barriers (PRBs; PRB-1 & PRB-2) at varying distances downgradient of the DNAPL source area. Distribution of Mg(OH)(2) was observed up to 2.3 m away from the injection point within a permeable coarse sand layer; however, Mg(OH)(2) transport in the overlying clayey-silty sand was minimal. Downgradient of the PRBs, colloidal Mg(OH)(2) increased the pH of the coarse sand to levels appropriate for biological reductive dechlorination (pH > similar to 5); however, some settling of Mg(OH)(2) in the injection wells generated persistent high pH (similar to 9-10) within the PRBs. A redesigned suspension of colloidal Mg(OH)(2) was tested and proved to be more effective at raising aquifer pH without an excessive rise in pH within the PRBs. At PRB-1 (located closest to the DNAPL source area), limited TCE biodegradation was observed due to the influx of high TCE concentrations (up to 400 mg/L) and inhibition of dechlorinating bacteria. At PRB-2 (located 25 m downgradient of the DNAPL source area), TCE concentrations were much lower (13-26 mg/L) and production of cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE) and some vinyl chloride (VC) was observed. Subsequent bioaugmentation with a commercial dechlorinating culture at PRB-2 improved conversion of cDCE to VC and ethene at downgradient monitoring wells over the duration of the study. These results emphasize the importance of PRB location (relative to the DNAPL source), base selection for pH adjustment, source strength, and local heterogeneities for the design and long-term performance of ERD in acidic DNAPL-impacted aquifers.