Faster dewetting of water from C8- than from C18 -bonded silica particles used in reversed-phase liquid chromatography: Solving the paradox

For comparable surface coverage of alkyl-bonded chains (similar to 3 mu mol/m(2)), the dewetting of 100% aqueous mobile phases from the mesopores of octyl(Cs)-bonded silica particles is found 70 times faster than that from the same but octadecyl(C-18)-bonded silica particles. This observation was made in this work for both fully porous (5 mu m Symmetry) and superficially porous (2.7 m CORTECS) particles. This experimental result is paradoxical because (1) the average pore size of C-8-bonded materials is 10-15 angstrom larger than that of C-18-bonded materials for the same unbounded silica gel and (2) the contact angle of water measured on smooth and planar C-8-bonded surface is about 6 degrees smaller than that on the same but C-18-bonded surface (104 degrees versus 110 degrees). The equilibrium Laplace pressure is then expected to be smaller and the kinetics of water dewetting to be slower for silica-C-8 than for silica-C-18 stationary phases used in RPLC. The solution to this riddle is investigated based on (1) the calculation of the dewetting time assuming that the pores are monosized and the process is driven by the Laplace pressure, (2) the measurement of the advancing and receding contact angles of three different C-18- and C-8-bonded silica gels (4 mu m NovaPak, 5 mu m Symmetry, and 2.7 mu m CORTECS) from the water porograms measured in a range of water pressure from normal pressure to 500 bar, and (3) on the calculation of the pore connectivity for both C-8 and Qs-bonded silica. First, the experimental results show that the observed dewetting times are of the order of minutes or even hours instead of millisecond as predicted by the dewetting model. Secondly, the advancing and receding contact angles of water onto the C-8-bonded silicas are found larger (by an average of +7 degrees and +2 degrees, respectively) than those measured for the same but C-18-bonded silica (average of 112 degrees and 92 degrees). Finally, the calculated pore connectivity is decreasing by about 30% for 90 angstrom unbounded silica materials from C-8 to C-18-bonded RPLC phases. Overall, the observed and much faster dewetting of water from C-8 column than that from C-18 column is primarily explained by a higher internal pore connectivity due to the thinner thickness of the alkyl-bonded layer (7 angstrom versus 15 angstrom) and, to a lesser extent, by a higher extrusion Laplace pressure of water (similar or equal to+10 bar). (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.