A Survey of Force-Assisted Robotic Cell Microinjection Technologies

Cell injection plays an important role in genetics, transgenics, molecular biology, drug discovery, reproductive study, and other biomedical fields. Compared with manual cell microinjection and robotic cell microinjection with sole position feedback, force-assisted robotic cell microinjection can improve the success rate and survival rate of cell injection. In this paper, the state-of-the-art research on microinjection of both adherent cells and suspended cells with microforce sensing techniques is reviewed. The significance of force sensors in the robotic cell injection system is also discussed. Five types of prevalent force sensing methods and their applications in cell microinjection are reviewed. The challenges and promising solutions in automating the cell microinjection process are addressed. Note to Practitioners-Microinjection process is a complex task to perform. As the advance progress of high-performance microforce sensors, force-assisted robotic cell injection has been a hot topic in recent years. This paper presents the state-ofthe- art survey of recent developments on microforce sensing for robotic cell microinjection to address the research challenges. Based on microforce sensing and control, microinjection of both adherent and suspended cells can benefit from the force-assisted robotic cell injection process. The main challenges and promising solutions in terms of micromanipulator design, injection control design, cell holder design, penetration scheme design, injecting pipette maintenance, injection volume, cost reduction, and microforce sensor calibration issues have been discussed. The related research trends are summarized.