Journal
ENERGY
Volume 172, Issue -, Pages 913-921Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.018
Keywords
Battery swapping station (BSS); Electric vehicle (EV); Optimal scheduling; Mixed-integer programming; Robust optimization; Uncertainty
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The Battery Swapping Station (BSS) is emerging as a viable means for fast energy refill of Electric Vehicles (EVs), in addition to many potential benefits in providing energy and ancillary services to the distribution grid. This paper focuses on developing a mathematical model for uncertainty-constrained BSS optimal operation that not only covers the random customer demands of fully charged batteries, but also leverages the available batteries to reduce its operation cost through demand shifting and energy sellback. The battery degradation is further modeled and formulated to ensure a practical solution. Numerical simulations on a test BSS demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and show its viability in achieving the predefined objectives as discussed in this paper. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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