Journal
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Volume 54, Issue 2, Pages 184-192Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1611734
Keywords
Vitamin A; vitamin D; microbiota; nutrition; gastrointestinal tract; mucosal immune system
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health [R01AT005378]
- United States Department of Agriculture [2914-38420-21822]
- United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture/Hatch Appropriations [PEN04605, 1018545]
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Diet is an important regulator of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies result in less diverse, dysbiotic microbial communities and increased susceptibility to infection or injury of the gastrointestinal tract. The vitamin A and vitamin D receptors are nuclear receptors expressed by the host, but not the microbiota. Vitamin A- and vitamin D-mediated regulation of the intestinal epithelium and mucosal immune cells underlies the effects of these nutrients on the microbiota. Vitamin A and vitamin D regulate the expression of tight junction proteins on intestinal epithelial cells that are critical for barrier function in the gut. Other shared functions of vitamin A and vitamin D include the support of innate lymphoid cells that produce IL-22, suppression of IFN- and IL-17 by T cells, and induction of regulatory T cells in the mucosal tissues. There are some unique functions of vitamin A and D; for example, vitamin A induces gut homing receptors on T cells, while vitamin D suppresses gut homing receptors on T cells. Together, vitamin A- and vitamin D-mediated regulation of the intestinal epithelium and mucosal immune system shape the microbial communities in the gut to maintain homeostasis.
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