Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 220, Issue -, Pages 1083-1090Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.216
Keywords
Glutaraldehyde; Hydraulic fracturing fluid; Produced water; Saline; Visible light photocatalysis
Categories
Funding
- North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management, Thailand
- Thailand Research Fund, Office of the Higher Education Commission [MRG5480184]
- Khon Kaen University, Thailand [MRG5480184]
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Glutaraldehyde (GA) is the most common biocide used in unconventional oil and gas production. Photocatalytic degradation of GA in brine simulating oil and gas produced water using Ag/AgCl/BiOCl composite as a photocatalyst with visible light was investigated. Removal of GA at 0.1 mM in 200 g/L NaCl solution at pH 7 was 90% after 75 min irradiation using 5 g/L, of the photocatalyst The GA removal followed pseudo-first order reaction with a rate constant of 0.0303 min(-1). At pH 5 or at 300 g/L, NaCl, the photocatalytic removal of GA was almost completely inhibited. Similar inhibitions were observed when adding dissolved organic carbon (from humic acid) at 10 and 200 mg/L, or Br- at 120 mg/L to the system. The removal rate of GA markedly increased with increasing pH (5-9), photocatalyst loading (2-8 g/L) and under 350 nm UV (compared to visible light). On the contrary, the removal rate of GA markedly decreased with increasing NaCl and initial GA concentrations (0-300 g/L for NaCl and 0.1-0.4 mM for GA). A quenching experiment was also conducted; electron holes (h(+)) and superoxide (O-2(center dot-)) were found as the main reactive species responsible for the removal of GA while (OH)-O-center dot had a very limited effect. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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