Journal
CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
Volume 31, Issue 10, Pages 3712-3721Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00650
Keywords
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Funding
- National Science Foundation [NSF CA EEC-1041895, 1541959]
- Department of Energy (DOE) [NSF CA EEC-1041895]
- NSF grant
- Skoltech [1913/R]
- FSU startup funds
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357]
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The mechanism and elemental composition that form the basis for the improved optical and electronic properties in mixed-ion lead halide perovskite solar cells are still not well understood compared to standard methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite devices. Here, we use synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence to map the composition of perovskite thin films. To get insight into the elemental distribution during film growth, we fabricate films with three different thicknesses. To create a link between the composition and electronic properties, we perform Kelvin probe force microscopy and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. We find that the elemental composition is highly dependent on the film thickness, in particular, the I/Pb ratio is altered for single grains based on the film thickness. The difference in the I/Pb ratio reveals to be the root cause for the underlying difference in the film lifetime and defect density influencing charge carrier dynamics. Our results provide an in-depth analysis approach combining micro- and nanoscale techniques to shed light onto the fundamental processes, which help to further engineer perovskite thin films and improve device efficiencies.
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