Journal
ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Volume 44, Issue 8, Pages 2464-2479Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1528-8
Keywords
Underwater ECG; Carbon electrodes; Salt water; Textile ECG electrodes; Dry electrodes; Reusable electrodes
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Funding
- Office of Naval Research work unit [N00014-12-1-0171, N000 1414WX20184]
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In this study, we evaluated the performance of two novel conductive carbon black (CB) and polydimethlysiloxane (PDMS) bio-potential electrodes, with and without an integrated flexible copper mesh, against commercially available electrodes (Polar(A (R)) textile, Silver-coated textile, and carbon rubber). The electrodes were tested in three types of water (fresh/unfiltered, chlorinated, and salt water). Our testing revealed that our CB/PDMS electrode with integrated copper mesh provided a high-fidelity ECG signal morphologies without any amplitude degradation in all of the types of water tested (N = 10). The non-meshed CB/PDMS electrodes were also subjected to a long-term durability test by the US Navy SCUBA divers during which the electrodes maintained ECG signal quality for a 6 h period of continuous use. The results of a material degradation analysis revealed the CB/PDMS composite material does not exhibit significant changes in physical integrity after prolonged exposure to the test conditions. The newly developed meshed CB/PDMS electrodes have the potential to be used in a wide variety of both dry and wet environments including the challenge of obtaining ECG signals in salt water environments.
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