Journal
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
Volume 205, Issue -, Pages 36-45Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.038
Keywords
Source profiles; Biomass burning; Briquette; Charcoal; Fuel processing
Funding
- National Key R&D Program of China [2017YFC0212205]
- Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China [2016ZDJC-22]
- SKLLQG, Chinese Academy of Sciences [SKLLQG1616, SKLLQG1826]
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Chemical profiles from burning of raw biomass materials (i.e., maize straw, wheat straw and wood branch) and their processed products (i.e., briquette and charcoal) were determined with a customized cleaning stove in a combustion chamber. Inorganic species such as water-soluble ions and elements, and carbonaceous fractions including saccharide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were quantified. Organic carbon (OC) was the highest fraction with a mass contribution to PM(2.5 )ranging from 17.65 +/- 0.15% to 40.17 +/- 3.83%. Potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) were the two most abundant water-soluble ions (4.31 +/- 1.57% and 3.05 +/- 1.29%, respectively). Most elements (e.g., heavy metals) had relatively low fractions ( < 0.01%) or below detection limit. For organics, levoglucosan averagely accounted for over 60% in total quantified saccharides, while 4-ring PAHs was the most dominant fraction. The proportions of OC, sum of quantified PAHs (EPAH5) and levoglucosan, as well as diagnostic ratios such as OC/element carbon (EC), K+/ EC, and sum of quantified saccharides (Sigma saccharides)/PM2.5 showed a characteristic descending order of raw fuels > briquette > charcoal. In comparison, charcoal burning had lower fractions of the organics since most volatile matters and moisture had been removed during carbonization. In addition, the similarities of chemical profiles from different bio-fuels burning were assessed by calculating the coefficient of divergence (CD) and their correlations. Relatively low CD (0.21-0.36) and high correlation (R > 0.97) suggest that the chemical profiles from straw and their briquettes were similar. However, the profiles from charcoal burning showed significant differences between their corresponding raw fuels (CDs = 0.26-0.47, R = 0.69-0.99) and also large variations from each other (CDs = 0.40-0.49, R < 0.90). The results of this study summarize that the processed fuels especially charcoals are unique in source apportionment and inventory studies.
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