Enhanced and selective ammonia detection using In2O3/reduced graphene oxide hybrid nanofibers

Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in ammonia gas detection for a wide range of applications, including food and environmental sectors and medical diagnostics. Herein, a useful NH(3 )gas sensor based on a hybrid nanocomposite (NFI-rGO) combining In2O3 ceramic nanofibers (NFI) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is proposed. The NFI was obtained by electrospinning technique followed by calcination treatment. The hybrid nanostructure was achieved by covering of the as-prepared NFI with rGO. The structure, surface morphology, and elementary composition of the NFI-rGO were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The ammonia sensing performance of the NFI-rGO was investigated at room temperature by exposing the sensor to a variable gas concentration in the range from 1 up to 60 ppm. The hybrid nanocomposite exhibited superior electrical sensing properties and selectivity when compared with each individual material as sensing layer, indicating the synergistic effect between NFI and rGO. The NFI-rGO nanocomposite sensor showed a fast response with sensitivity 10 times higher than the individual NFI and rGO, a low detection limit of 44 ppb and an outstanding selectivity to NH3 against other nitrogenated compounds and organic solvents. The enhanced sensing performance could be ascribed to the p-n heterojunction and the synergistic effect between the nanofibrous structure and the 2D rGO sheets, paving the way for the development of novel room temperature ammonia sensors employing hybrid nanocomposites.