Molybdenum isotope compositions of uranium ore concentrates by double spike MC-ICP-MS

The molybdenum (Mo) isotope composition of uranium ore concentrate (UOC) has been proposed as a nuclear forensic signature due to the ubiquitous presence of Mo in the nuclear fuel cycle and to the possibility that different UOC production pathways lead to characteristic Mo isotope fractionation. Furthermore, Mo forms a volatile hexafluoride which leads to the retainment of Mo in the nuclear fuel cycle through U enrichment and reactor operation processes. As a result, it is possible that the nuclear fuel cycle generates a rich array of Mo isotope signatures. The first step in interpreting Mo isotope signatures generated during the nuclear fuel cycle is to characterize the Mo isotope composition of starting materials. In this study, a suite of UOC samples were analyzed for their Mo isotope composition in order to constrain the range of Mo isotope compositions entering the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle. Analytical protocols were developed to purify Mo from a U rich matrix prior to Mo isotope analysis by double spike MC-ICP-MS. A > 3 parts per thousand variation in the Mo-98/Mo-95 ratio was observed in the suite of UOC samples with delta Mo-98 ranging from -1.15 to +1.96 parts per thousand relative to the NIST 3134 Mo standard reference material. The delta Mo-98 range observed in the UOC samples is very similar to the delta Mo-98 range observed in crustal igneous rocks and Mo-bearing minerals, suggesting that Mo isotope variability in UOC is driven by variability in the parent U ores. However, Mo isotope fractionation during UOC production is evident with one of the UOC samples being isotopically heavy relative to its parent U ore by 0.75 parts per thousand, suggesting that different UOC production processes also contribute to the total Mo isotope variability observed. Overall, it is expected that the Mo isotope signatures generated during enrichment and reactor process will be clearly discernible from those generated during UOC production.