Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 11, Issue 21, Pages 19452-19461Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03062
Keywords
spICP-MS; core-shell nanoparticles; large-scale synthesis; exposure and risk assessment; quantification
Funding
- European Union via the Horizon 2020 project NanoFASE [646002]
- Natural Environment Resaerch Council CASE PhD studentship
- PerkinElmer
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Understanding the fate and behavior of nanoparticles (NPs) in the natural environment is important to assess their potential risk. Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) allows for the detection of NPs at extremely low concentrations, but the high natural background of the constituents of many of the most widely utilized nanoscale materials makes accurate quantification of engineered particles challenging. Chemical doping, with a less naturally abundant element, is one approach to address this; however, certain materials with high natural abundance, such as TiO2 NPs, are notoriously difficult to label and differentiate from natural NPs. Using the low abundance rare earth element Ho as a marker, Ho-bearing core-TiO2 shell (NaHoF4@PTiO2) NPs were designed to enable the quantification of engineered TiO2 NPs in real environmental samples. The NaHoF4@TiO2 NPs were synthesized on a large scale (gram), at relatively low temperatures, using a sacrificial Al(OH)(3) template that confines the hydrolysis of TiF4 within the space surrounding the NaHoF4 NPs. The resulting NPs consist of a 60 nm NaHoF4 core and a 5 nm anatase TiO2 shell, as determined by TEM, STEM-EDX mapping, and spICP-MS. The NPs exhibit excellent detectability by spICP-MS at extremely low concentrations (down to 1 x 10(-3) ng/L) even in complex natural environments with high Ti background.
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