Polymicrobial interaction and biofilms between Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an underestimated concern in food safety

As leading food borne pathogens, interaction between Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has raised several important concerns in food safety including survival and contamination, antimicrobial resistance in animals, food poisoning, proliferation or inhibition by interspecies quorum sensing and biofilms, which involves multiple levels of studies including genome, resistome, virulome, metabolome, transcriptome, and proteome, respectively. In addition, polymicrobial interactions in biofilms are more complicated as evolutions among biofilms are dynamic with interaction changing in different periods, and unlike clinical bacteria, microbial colonization during food processing or storage is commonly lengthy. This review aims at describing the polymicrobial interaction and biofilm between S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, including the formation of dual-biofilm, methods for visualization of dual-biofilm, and quorum sensing.