Journal
MICROSCOPY
Volume 68, Issue 2, Pages 99-110Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy147
Keywords
ciliary beat frequency; time-lapse microscopy; ciliopathies; cilium; differential interference contrast microscopy; primary ciliary dyskinesia
Categories
Funding
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology [JPMJPR17H1]
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology KAKENHI [JP17K07381, JP15H01316, JP15H01207]
Ask authors/readers for more resources
The cilium is a tiny organelle, with a length of 1-10 m and a diameter of similar to 200 nm, that projects from the surface of many cells and functions to generate fluid flow and/or sense extracellular signals from the environment. Abnormalities in cilia may cause a broad spectrum of disease, i.e. the so-called ciliopathies. Multiple imaging approaches have been implemented to understand the structure, motion and function of the tiny cilium. In this review, we focus on the microscopic observations and analyses of the dynamic behaviors of both motile cilia and primary cilium. Motile cilia repeat reciprocal motions at 15-25 Hz with a clear asymmetry of effective and recovery strokes. Observing the fast movement of motile cilia requires a high-speed camera with a frame rate of more than 100 fps. The labeling of cilia tips enables the detailed analysis of the asymmetric beating motion of motile cilia. The primary cilium, which is imagined to be static,' is also dynamic, i.e. it elongates, shrinks and disassembles, although this behavior is quite slower than that of motile cilia. The specific fluorescent labeling of primary cilium and time-lapse imaging are required to observe and analyze the slow behaviors of the primary cilium. We present some approaches, including some tips for successful procedures, in the successful imaging of the dynamic behaviors of motile cilia and primary cilium.
Authors
I am an author on this paper
Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.
Reviews
Recommended
No Data Available